Perspectiva social del impacto de la miopía / Social perspective of the impact of myopia

La visión, el más dominante de los sentidos, tiene un papel esencial en cada aspecto y etapa de la vida. Se da por sentada la visión, pero sin ella, resulta difícil la realización de tareas cotidianas como aprender a caminar, leer, conducir y trabajar. La miopía es una alteración visual que se encuentra entre las cinco condiciones, donde su atención clínica ha sido calificada de prioridad inmediata para la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La prevalencia de la miopía y la miopía magna aumentan a nivel mundial a un ritmo alarmante. Existen diversos factores socioeconómicos, psicológicos y sociales que impactan en la calidad de vida de quienes la padecen. De ahí la motivación de realizar un acercamiento a dichas variables para comprender desde una perspectiva social las implicaciones de esta afección visual mediante una búsqueda actualizada de diversos artículos publicados, con el objetivo de identificar los problemas sociales relacionados a la miopía. Se utilizó la plataforma Infomed, específicamente la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, con todos sus buscadores(AU)

The vision, the dominantest in the senses, has an essential paper in each aspect and stage of the life. It is given by sitting the vision, but without her, it is difficult the realization of daily tasks as learning how to walk, to read, to drive and to work. The myopia is a visual alteration that is between the five conditions where its clinical attention it has been described as immediate priority for the World Organization of the Health. The prevalencia of the myopia and the great myopia increase at world level to an alarming rhythm. Diverse socioeconomic, psychological and social factors that impact in the quality of life of who you/they suffer it, exist of there the motivation of carrying out an approach to this variables to understand from a social perspective the implications of this visual affection by means of a modernized search of diverse published articles, with the objective of identifying the social problems related to the myopia. The platform Infomed was used, specifically the Virtual Library of Health, with all its searchers(AU)

Socioeconomic factors in childhood cataracts – A descriptive study from a tertiary eye care center in India

Purpose: While there are a few studies that show the prevalence of blindness and ocular morbidity in children, studies on socioeconomic factors in childhood cataracts are scarce. We aimed to study the socioeconomic status, education and occupation of the parents, consanguinity, and gender inequality among children presenting with cataracts. Methods: This was a hospital?based, prospective, descriptive study of 68 children with cataracts (aged 0–18 years). In addition to the data on clinical parameters and surgical management, we also collected data on age, gender, age at which the chief complaint was noticed, consanguinity of parents, socioeconomic class, and occupation and education of parents. All statistical analyses were performed using MedCalc statistical software (MedCalc Software 2019, Ostend, Belgium). Results: Sixty?eight children with pediatric cataract, out of which 36 were bilateral, were studied. Thirty children (44%) were in the age group of 1–5 years. Out of the 36 bilateral cataracts, 25 (69.44%) were males and 11 (30.56%) were females. Thirty (44.1%) had a delayed presentation. Also, 31% belonged to middle class and 28% belonged to lower middle class. Moreover, 65% of the mothers had an undergraduate education. Conclusion: There is a gender?based inequality and late presentation of childhood cataracts. To improve early detection, red reflex screening should be mandatorily done. Further studies are required to identify barriers to access of eye care specific to girls, in order to plan interventions to improve uptake of treatment. The lower socioeconomic status of the patients should be taken into account in the management of this disease.

Social Factors Contributing to Substance Abuse: A Narrative Analysis

Background: India has seen a rise in the use of substance abuse. A national survey in 2019 showed that around 2.1% of the country’s population uses opioids and 2.8% of Indians between the ages 10-75 use cannabis. In order to prevent substance related disorders it is necessary to get in-depth understanding of the various social factors leading to the use of substance use. Methodology: The researcher used Narrative Analysis to gather data from 4 individuals through the use of semi-structured interview. The participants were undergoing treatment at a rehabilitation center in Mumbai. Results: Through narrative analysis 3 common themes namely, friends (peer pressure), curiosity and parental neglect were identified. There were 3 unique themes identified- stamina/booster, bad neighbourhood and resentment towards family. Conclusions: This research identifies some common themes that can help those working in the field of mental health to focus on those areas while working with young children and their families. This research shows the importance of teaching assertiveness training to young children to prevent them from trying substances. The parents need to be trained and informed about various parenting styles and how to develop secure attachment styles with children. This research also paves the way for further research by identifying which other parental styles leads substance abuse

Factores sociales y ambientales relacionados con el asma bronquial en niños de los consultorios 1 y 2 de Caonao, Cienfuegos

RESUMEN Fundamento el asma bronquial es un importante problema de salud y causa frecuente de morbimortalidad. En su génesis influyen factores humanos, sociales, ambientales y económicos. Objetivo: identificar factores sociales y ambientales relacionados con la severidad del asma bronquial en niños, atendiendo a sus características clínicas y demográficas. Métodos se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 46 niños con asma bronquial pertenecientes a los consultorios médicos 1 y 2 del policlínico Área VIII de Cienfuegos, durante el período de noviembre 2019 a mayo de 2020. Se utilizaron variables sociales y demográficas. Resultados: predominó el sexo masculino; las edades entre 13-16 y 17-19 años fueron las más afectadas, en ambos grupos con antecedentes familiares de asma. Estuvieron expuestos al hábito de fumar de familiares 31 infantes y se relacionó con las crisis moderadas persistentes. La mayoría de los niños necesitó tratamiento farmacológico. Predominó el hacinamiento que influyó en la aparición de infecciones respiratorias. Prevalecieron las familias moderadamente funcionales, hubo un predominio de las viviendas clasificadas de regulares. Conclusiones: existe relación directa entre la severidad de las manifestaciones clínicas del asma y los factores de riesgo que las condicionan. Se requiere de un trabajo educativo sistemático para su prevención.

ABSTRACT Background: bronchial asthma is an important health problem and a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality. Human, social, environmental and economic factors influence its genesis. Objective: to identify social and environmental factors related to the severity of bronchial asthma in children, based on their clinical and demographic characteristics. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 46 children with bronchial asthma belonging to medical offices 1 and 2 of the Area VIII polyclinic in Cienfuegos, from November 2019 to May 2020. Social and demographic variables were used. Results: the male sex predominated; ages between 13-16 and 17-19 years old were the most affected, in both groups with a family history of asthma. 31 infants were exposed to the smoking habit of family members and it was related to persistent moderate crises. Most of the children required pharmacological treatment. Overcrowding prevailed, which influenced the appearance of respiratory infections. Moderately functional families prevailed, there was a predominance of dwellings classified as regular. Conclusions: bronchial asthma requires systematic educational work for its prevention. There is a direct relationship between the severity of the clinical manifestations and the risk factors that condition it.

Uso de beca estatal de alimentación para estudiantes universitarios según factores sociológicos / Influence of sociological factors on the use of a state scholarship to feed Chilean university students / Influência de fatores sociológicos no uso de uma bolsa estadual para alimentar estudantes universitários chilenos

Resumen (analítico) Conocer la influencia de factores sociodemográficos en el uso de la beca de alimentación Junaeb Baes, que otorga el Gobierno chileno a estudiantes universitarios con menores ingresos, es necesario para aumentar el beneficio social de este programa estatal. Se consideraron las variables género, modo de residencia, carrera y curso, etnia y posición socioeconómica. Se aplicó una encuesta a 114 estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Los resultados muestran que la posición socioeconómica y el modo de residencia son los factores sociodemográficos más influyentes en el uso de la beca Baes. La variable género no arrojó diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Se concluye que es posible aumentar el porcentaje de gasto en alimentos saludables si se consideran factores sociológicos en el estudio y diseño de políticas de uso de la beca Baes.

Abstract (analytical) Knowing the influence of sociodemographic factors in the use of the Junaeb Baes food benefit granted by the Chilean Government to low-income university students is necessary to increase the social benefit of this state program. The variables gender, mode of residence, major and year, ethnicity and socioeconomic position were considered. A survey was applied to 114 Chilean university students. The results show that socioeconomic position and mode of residence are the most influential socio-demographic factors in the use of the Baes benefit. The gender variable did not show statistically significant differences. It is concluded that it is possible to increase the percentage of spending on healthy foods if sociological factors are considered in the study and design of policies for the use of the Baes grant.

Resumo (analítico) Conhecer a influência de fatores sociodemográficos na utilização da bolsa de alimentação Junaeb Baes concedida pelo Governo do Chile a universitários de menor renda é necessário para aumentar o benefício social deste programa estadual. Foram consideradas as variáveis sexo, modo de residência, carreira e curso, etnia e posição socioeconômica. Uma pesquisa foi aplicada a 114 estudantes universitários chilenos. Os resultados mostram que a posição socioeconômica e o modo de residência são os fatores sociodemográficos mais influentes no uso da bolsa Baes. A variável sexo não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significantes. Conclui-se que é possível aumentar o percentual de gastos com alimentos saudáveis se fatores sociológicos forem considerados no estudo e desenho de políticas para o uso da bolsa Baes.

Screening for perceived stress among pregnant women availing antenatal care at a tertiary care teaching institution in Kerala, India

Background: Stress during pregnancy can have serious adverse outcomes on the mother, the foetus and the new-born. It can lead to low-birth-weight, preterm births and neuro-psychological effects such as anxiety and depression during pregnancy and puerperium. This cross-sectional research aims to assess the severity of stress among postnatal women in Kerala. This study analysed socio-demographic, obstetric, family dynamics, neonatal characteristics and psychiatric determinants of postpartum stress using perceived stress scale (PSS) among postnatal women in a tertiary hospital in Kerala state, India.Methods: 119 women between 2 to 6 weeks of postpartum period were subjected to a pre-tested pre-structured standard questionnaire. Terminal illness, still birth delivery and comorbid psychiatric illness was excluded. Screening and diagnosis of postpartum stress was done based on perceived stress scale (PSS) and graded as mild 0-13, moderate 14-26, severe 27-40.Results: Study findings indicated a statistically significant association between postpartum stress and risk factors such as unplanned/unwanted pregnancy. The mean age of women was 27±4.8 years. Support from spouse and in-laws was a negative predictor of developing both postnatal stress and depression. Family income, education of couple and husbands’ occupations were non-determinant factors (p>0.05) in this study. Psychiatric illness in the family and past history of psychiatric illness also contributed to postnatal stress. The most important variable which influenced perceived stress during pregnancy was lengthier NICU stay. Even breastfeeding problems and associated neonatal issues worsened the stress scales significantly in the immediate postnatal period.Conclusions: This research concluded that stress detection and timely counselling along with mental and physical support will mitigate stress and postpartum depression.

Perspectiva social del autocuidado en los pacientes con cáncer bucal / Social perspective of the self-care in the patients with mouth cancer

RESUMEN El cáncer oral constituye una patología que supone un gran compromiso social tanto para aquellos que sufren sus consecuencias como para el resto de las personas involucradas en este proceso de enfermedad. Las secuelas de la patología y de los tratamientos invasivos requeridos para su remisión pueden minimizarse a través de la adopción de medidas adecuadas de autocuidado. Se llevó a cabo una revisión de la bibliografía actualizada con el objetivo de argumentar la influencia de los factores sociales sobre las conductas de autocuidado en relación a la incidencia y evolución del cáncer bucal.

ABSTRACT The oral cancer constitutes a pathology that supposes a big social commitment so much for those who suffer its consequences as for the rest of the persons involved in this process of illness. The consequences of the pathology and of the invasive treatments needed for its reference can be minimized through the adoption of suitable measurements of self-care. A review of the updated bibliography was carried out with the objective to argue the influence of the social factors on the self-care conducts as regards the incidence and evolution of the mouth cancer.

A preliminary study on identifying specific risk factors of post-partum depression

Background: Pregnancy and childbirth are important events in the life of a woman and also highly vulnerable period of various physiological and psychological illnesses. Several literatures propound that 22% young Indian mothers are showing depressive symptoms after delivery. The consequence of maternal depression is adverse both for mother and development of the child. Objective of this study was to examine the social and obstetric factors contributing post-partum depression.Methods: Women, 18-35 years of age, having four days to one-year postpartum period was taken from the tertiary care hospital settings. Terminal illness, still birth delivery and comorbid psychiatric illness was excluded. Screening and diagnosis of postpartum depression done based on international classification of diseases (ICD 10) using Edinburgh post-natal depression scale (EPDS). A comparative approach by the means of descriptive statistics was implied for data analysis where mothers with depressive symptoms are experimental group and non-depressed mothers were acted as the controls.Results: Study findings indicated a statistically significant association between postpartum depression and risk factors such as occupation and average social economic class, first time delivery.Conclusions: It is a preliminary study in a restricted geographical area, not covering the neurobiological risk factors of postpartum depression. Hence, the future study will focus on the large sample size in a multi areal population for assuring the accuracy of the result.

Factores que inciden en la aceptabilidad de la vasectomía / Factors that influence the acceptability of vasectomy

La vasectomía es un procedimiento que genera mínimas complicaciones y ostenta una tasa de éxito del 99 %; además tiene menor costo que la esterilización femenina, por lo cual se debe tener en cuenta el rol que desempeña el hombre en el número de hijos que se proyecta tener. En esta revisión de tema se identificaron los factores que inciden en la aceptabilidad de la vasectomía. Se realizó la búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos de PubMed, ProQuest, BioMed Central, ScienceDirect y Clinical Key para el periodo 2008-2017. Se seleccionaron 39 artículos por haber cumplido los criterios de inclusión: (a) publicado entre el 2008 y el 2017, en inglés, español o portugués y b) reportar resultados afines al tema de interés con evidencia de calidad científica durante la aplicación de las listas de chequeo. La sistematización y análisis de la información permitió la construcción de tres categorías temáticas: Entorno cultural, Condiciones sociales y Educación e información. Sobre la temática se evidenció que los factores como las creencias, el entorno sociocultural y la educación e información que tienen los hombres y sus parejas sobre la vasectomía influyen en la decisión de realizarse o no este procedimiento. Un hallazgo novedoso fue que el sexo de la descendencia también incide en esta decisión. Se recomienda una educación masiva para aumentar el acceso y conocimiento de la vasectomía.

Vasectomy is a procedure that generates minimum complications and garners a success rate of 99 %; In addition, it is an inex-pensive procedure in comparison to female sterilization, consequently the role of men should be taken into account when considering family planning. In this review of the topic, the factors that currently affect the acceptability of vasectomy were identified. We searched PubMed, ProQuest, BioMed Central, ScienceDirect and Clinical Key databases for articles published between 2008-2017 in English, Spanish or Portuguese, and included articles that met the inclusion criteria and showed scien-tific quality during the application of checklists. A total of 39 articles were admitted into the topic review. The systematization and analysis of the information allowed the construction of three thematic categories: cultural-environment, social conditions, and education and information. In this review, it is evidenced that factors such as beliefs, socio-cultural environment, and education and information that men and their partners have about vasectomy influences the decision to undergo or avoid this procedure. The sex of the offspring was evidenced as a novel factor because the children's gender influenced the decision. Therefore, mass education to increase the access and knowledge about vasectomy is recommended

La dimensión socio-institucional del problema del escolasticismo en la Psicología Argentina / The socio-institutional dimension of the problem of scholasticism in the Argentine Psychology

Introducción: El escolasticismo en la Psicología de Argentina constituye un problema que aún no parece haber sido superado. En este país, siguen vigentes las distintas formas de fragmentación de la disciplina (e.g., entre enfoques culturales y biológicos) y la hegemonía del psicoanálisis. Este problema ha sido analizado en términos individuales y socio-institucionales. A nivel individual, se han diferenciado dos tipos de actitudes: dogmática -propia del individuo que participa en el mantenimiento de la situación escolástica-, y científica -representada por aquellos que buscan superar esta situación-. Si bien las actitudes dogmáticas reflejan una parte del problema, el hecho de centrarse en ellas podría tener consecuencias indeseables. Metodología: El objetivo de este trabajo es alertar sobre los riesgos de analizar el escolasticismo en términos de "individuo dogmático". El presente es un estudio teórico. Conclusión: La psicologización del escolasticismo y la invisibilización de los factores supraindividuales (i.e. socio-institucionales) son algunas de sus posibles consecuencias. La importancia de los factores socio-institucionales como una parte clave del problema del escolasticismo argentino. En términos prácticos, se sugiere la necesidad de desarrollar espacios de diálogo que permitan analizar críticamente los distintos niveles del problema: individual y socio-institucional.

Background: Scholasticism in the Psychology of Argentina is a problem that has not yet been overcome. In this country, different kinds of fragmentation of the discipline (e.g., between cultural and biological approaches) and hegemony of psychoanalysis are still in force. This problem has been analyzed in both individual and socio-institutional level. At individual level, two types of attitudes have been differentiated: dogmatic - represented by those who seek to preserve the scholastic condition-, and scientific -represented by those who seek to overcome this situation-. While the dogmatic attitudes are part of the problem, focusing on them could have undesirable consequences. Method: This study warns about the risks of analyzing the scholasticism in terms of "dogmatic individual". The present is a theoretical study. Conclusion: The psychologization of scholasticism and the invisibility of supra-individual factors (i.e. socio-institutional) are some of its consequences. The problem of the argentine scholasticism depends, in part, on socio-institutional factors. In practical terms, places of dialogue to analyze critically the different levels of the problem (individual and socio-institutional) should be developed.

Importancia de considerar los factores psicosociales en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Importance of considering psychosocial factors in diabetes mellitus type 2

RESUMEN Introducción: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 constituye, a nivel mundial, un problema de salud de creciente importancia y alto impacto sanitario, social y económico. Influyen en ella diversos factores: biológicos, psicológicos, sociales. Sin embargo, a pesar de su relevancia, las variables psicosociales han sido un tema menos explorado e investigado, en comparación con el gran desarrollo y avance en el campo biomédico. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la problemática de los factores psicosociales presentes en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica, en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO y Dialnet, abarcando el período 2008-2018. Se referencian 49 artículos, teniendo en cuenta el criterio de actualidad, relevancia y pertinencia. Conclusiones: Es importante ampliar la concepción tradicional de los factores de riesgo, a fin de considerarlos desde una perspectiva social. Se suele advertir que los pacientes presentan malestar emocional (depresión, ansiedad, angustia), pese a lo cual no hay suficiente diagnóstico ni tratamiento. La educación diabetológica no es frecuente y la adherencia terapéutica es baja. Es necesario implementar una atención integral y personalizada, donde la familia tenga un rol fundamental. La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 genera cierto grado de discriminación y estigmatización. Algunas problemáticas de los pacientes, como aquellas relativas a la sexualidad, constituyen temas poco visibilizados. Se observan diferencias por género en diversos aspectos de la enfermedad. En síntesis, la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 constituye, actualmente, un gran desafío que debe ser abordado de manera interdisciplinaria(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus constitutes, worldwide, a health problem of increasing importance and great health, social and economic impact. Various factors influence it: biological, psychological, social. However, despite their relevance, psychosocial variables have been a less explored and researched topic, compared to the ample development and advancement in the biomedical field. Objective: To carry out a literature review on the problem of psychosocial factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: An electronic search was carried out in PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO and Dialnet databases, covering the period 2008-2018. 49 articles are referenced, taking into account the criteria of relevance. Conclusions: It is important to extend the traditional conception of risk factors, in order to consider them from a social perspective. It is often noted that patients have emotional distress (depression, anxiety, anguish), despite which there is not enough diagnosis or treatment. Diabetes education is not frequent and therapeutic adherence is low. It is necessary to device a comprehensive and personalized attention, where the family has a fundamental role. Type 2 diabetes mellitus generates some degree of discrimination and stigmatization. Some patient issues, such as those related to sexuality, are poorly visible topics. Gender differences are observed in various aspects of the disease. In summary, type 2 diabetes mellitus is currently a great challenge that must be addressed in an interdisciplinary manner(AU)

Síndrome de Agotamiento Profesional y Trabajadores Penitenciarios Peruanos. Una Mirada Cualitativa a los Factores Institucionales y Sociales / Professional Burnout Syndrome and Peruvian Prison Workers. A Qualitative Study of Institutional and Social Factors / Síndrome do Esgotamento Profissional e Trabalhadores Penitenciários Peruanos. Um Olhar Qualitativo Sobre os Fatores Institucionais e Sociais

Resumen El artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación cualitativa a nivel nacional acerca de los factores institucionales y sociales asociados al Síndrome de Agotamiento Profesional (SAP) y al estrés laboral en trabajadores penitenciarios peruanos. Se realizaron 21 entrevistas a autoridades del Instituto Nacional Penitenciario del Perú (INPE) y 12 grupos focales con 59 trabajadores de las áreas de tratamiento y seguridad, de diez establecimientos penitenciarios (EP) a nivel nacional. Se encuentran como factores institucionales y sociales principales: (a) variables políticas y económicas estructurales de instituciones públicas, (b) relaciones interpersonales laborales, y (c) percepción del interno/a. Finalmente, se enfatiza en la comprensión multidimensional del SAP donde se incorporen en el análisis aspectos políticos, sociales y subjetivos. De manera particular, el artículo aporta en cómo la percepción de los internos, desde los trabajadores penitenciarios, podría estar impactando en la prevalencia del sap y los objetivos institucionales.

Abstract The article presents the results of a nationwide qualitative research project on the institutional and social factors associated with Occupational Burnout Syndrome and job stress in Peruvian prison officers. 21 interviews were carried out with authorities from the National Penitentiary Institute of Peru (INPE) and 12 focus groups that included 59 workers from the treatment and security areas of ten penitentiaries at the national level. The main institutional and social factors identified were: (a) structural political and economic variables pertaining to public institutions, (b) interpersonal job relations, and (c) perception of inmates. The article argues for a multidimensional understanding of Burnout Syndrome that incorporates political, social, and subjective aspects into the analysis, and places special emphasis on how prison workers' perception of inmates might be influencing the prevalence of PBS and the institutional objectives.

Resumo O artigo apresenta os resultados da pesquisa qualitativa em nível nacional sobre os fatores institucionais e sociais associados à Síndrome do Esgotamento Profissional (SEP) e ao estresse laboral em trabalhadores penitenciários peruanos. Foram realizadas 21 entrevistas com autoridades do Instituto Nacional Penitenciário do Peru (INPE) e 12 grupos focais com 59 trabalhadores das áreas de tratamento e segurança, em dez presídios (ep), em nível nacional. São apresentados os principais fatores institucionais e sociais: (a) variáveis políticas e económicas estruturais das instituições públicas, (b) relações de trabalho interpessoais e (c) percepção do interno(a). Finalmente, enfocou-se a compreensão multidimensional da SEP, em que aspectos políticos, sociais e subjetivos são incorporados à análise. Em particular, o artigo mostra como a percepção que os trabalhadores penitenciários têm dos reclusos pode causar impacto na prevalência da SEP e nos objetivos institucionais.

Analysis of the suicidal behavior and psychosocial factors among HIV positive patients in Guangzhou / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To investigate the status of suicidal behaviors and suicidal ideation among HIV positive patients in Guangzhou, and to explore its relevant psycho-social factors. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of HIV positive adult patients in six districts of Guangzhou to collect social-demographic characteristics, HIV infection time, suicidal ideation, suicidal behaviors and psycho-social factors. Use suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors as the dependent variables to conduct the univariate analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Results Of the 464 subjects,5.2% and 17.4% of them had suicidal behaviors and suicidal ideation. Analysis showed that the infection route, depression, anxiety, social discrimination, self-discrimination were correlated with the suicidal behaviors(all P<0.05), while age, health status, spouse infection, depression, anxiety and social support, social discrimination, self-discrimination were correlated with the suicidal ideation(all P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression model showed that depression and self-discrimination were associated with suicidal behaviors(all P<0.05),depression and social discrimination were associated with suicidal ideation (all P<0.05). Conclusions HIV-positive adult patients in Guangzhou have a high incidence of suicidal ideation and behaviors. Psychological counseling, risk assessment and timely treatment related to depression, social discrimination self-discrimination and early antiviral treatment should be targeted in HIV-positive adult patients.

Construir ciudad en contextos de alta violencia ¿Es posible? El caso del Distrito Central de Honduras / Building city in high violence settings: Is it possible? The case of the Honduras Central District / Construir cidades em contextos de alta violência: é possível? O caso do Distrito Central de Honduras

Resumen ¿Es posible construir ciudad en contextos de alta violencia? Los marcos analíticos desarrollados por la criminología en América Latina no han tomado en cuenta contextos de alta violencia. El objetivo del artículo es caracterizar las dinámicas territoriales de los fenómenos de criminalidad, violencia e inseguridad y su vinculación con el proceso de apropiación del espacio público. La voz de los ciudadanos, relevada a partir de encuestas, entrevistas y grupos focales, reclama por más ciudad. El espacio público es un lugar de intercambio y seguridad que incluye sólo espacios de transporte seguros sino también de recreación, descanso e incluso innovación artística. La importancia de la renovación urbana y el espacio público son enfatizados a lo largo del artículo, reconociendo menos probabilidad de desarrollo de iniciativas de gentrificación que requieren inversión y consolidación de identidad simbólica y territorial. A pesar de los homicidios, de las extorsiones y el abandono gubernamental: los ciudadanos parecen reconocer lo sustancial de la vida en comunidad: la necesidad de ser ciudadanos antes que solo habitantes de espacios marcados por la precariedad.

Abstract Is it possible to build city in high violence settings? Analytical frameworks developed by criminology in Latin America have not taken into account contexts of high violence. The objective of this article is to characterize the territorial dynamics of the criminality, violence and insecurity phenomena, and their connection with the process of public space ownership. The citizens' voice, praised starting from surveys, interviews and focus group, calls for more city. The public space is a place of exchange and security. This includes not only safe transport spaces, but also recreation, rest and even artistic innovation spaces. Urban renewal and public space importance is emphasized in the document, recognizing a smaller probability of gentrification initiatives development, which require investment and consolidation of the symbolic and territorial identity. In spite of the homicides, extortions and neglect by the government, the citizens seem to recognize the substantial issue of the community life: the need of being citizens, instead of being citizens of spaces affected by the precariousness.

Resumo E possivel construir cidade em contextos de alta violencia? Os quadros analiticos desenvolvidos pela criminologia na America Latina nao tem considerado contextos de alta violencia. O objetivo do artigo e caracterizar as dinamicas territoriais dos fenómenos de criminalidade, violencia e inseguranca, e sua relacao com o processo de apropriacao do espaco publico. A voz dos cidadaos, sublinhada a partir de questionarios, entrevistas e grupos focais, reclama por mais cidade. O espaco publico e um lugar de intercambio e seguranca, que inclui nao so espacos de transporte seguros, mas tambem de lazer, descanso e inclusive inovacao artistica. A importancia da renovacao urbana e o espaco publico sao enfatizados ao longo do artigo, reconhecendo menos probabilidade de desenvolvimento de iniciativas de gentrificacao, que precisam inversao e consolidacao de identidade simbolica e territorial. Apesar dos homicidios, das extorsoes e do abandono governamental, os cidadaos parecem reconhecer o substancial da vida em comunidade: a necessidade de serem cidadaos e nao so habitantes de espacos marcados pela precariedade.

Clinical study of sexually transmitted viral infections in HIV seropositive patients

Human immunodeficiency virus disease (HIV) and sexually transmitted viral infections (STIs) are important cause of increasing morbidity and mortality in sexually active individuals, In our study we the incidence, age, sex distribution, risk factors and prevalence of viral STIs among HIV positive and negative patients who attended the tertiary care hospital and study we found that Herpes Genitalis to be the most common viral infection in HIV seropositive patients. Condylomaaccuminata are second most common viral infection in seropositive HIV patients. Social factors, lack of awareness, multiple sexual partners, poverty also contributed to the spread of HIV. HPV vaccine-based prevention and education programs need to be implemented in this high-risk community and centres providing voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services for HIV. Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and sexually transmitted viral infections (STIs) are important cause of increasing morbidity and mortality in sexually active individuals. Patients suffering with viral STI are more vulnerable to acquire HIV infection in comparison with individuals without STI. HIV-seropositive patients are more vulnerable to acquire viral STI in comparison with HIVseronegative patients. Objectives of the Study To study the incidence, age, sex distribution, risk factors and prevalence of viral STI among HIV-positive and negative patients who attended the tertiary-care hospital. Materials and Methods This is a prospective and descriptive study conducted in STI clinic, Andhra Medical College, Department of Dermatology Venereology and Leprosy, King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, for a period of 1 year from February 2017 to January 2018. The study includes 150 HIV-seropositive patients suffering with viral STI like genital herpes, molluscum contagiosum, genital warts, viral hepatitis and 150 HIV-seronegative patients. Results In our observation of 150 HIV-seropositive patients, herpes genitalis 57 cases (38%) was found to be the most common viral STI followed by condyloma accuminata 34 cases (22.7%). The most common age group involved was 20–29 years 68 cases (45.4%) with males most commonly effected 108 (72%) than females 42 (28%). Social factors like illiteracy, multiple sex partners and unprotected sex contributed to the risk of viral STI and HIV. Conclusion In our study, we found that herpes genitalis to be the most common viral infection in HIV-seropositive patients. Warts are second most common viral infection in seropositive HIV patients. Social factors, lack of awareness, multiple sexual practises, poverty also contribute to the spread of HIV.

Survey and Analysis of Social Factors of Health among Staff of Urban Workers in Liaoning Province / 中国医科大学学报

Objective To explore the social factors of health among staff of urban workers in Liaoning province and to provide scientific evidence for preparing propagation strategies. Methods Two thousand five hundred urban workers were surveyed using stratified, random sampling in Dandong city and Yingkou city of Liaoning province. The participants were investigated through questionnaires. Results Two thousand four hundred forty eight valid questionnaires were obtained. The self-rated health score of the respondents was 84.37 ± 13.72. The results of multiple linear reason showed that those with low family income satisfaction (B = -2.923,P = 0.019,95％ CI:-5.360——0.485),many working hours per day (B = -3.749,P = 0.023,95％ CI:-6.98——0.518),poor leadership (B = -3.688,P =0.014,95％ CI:-6.608——0.768),and low job satisfaction (B = -2.012,P = 0.034,95％ CI:-3.869——0.156) had lower self-rated health scores. However,those with more harmonious families (B = 3.105,P = 0.017,95％ CI:0.565-5.645) and types of social support (B = 2.684,P = 0.003,95％ CI:0.926-4.442) had higher self-rated health scores. Conclusion Social factors affecting health among staff of urban workers in Liaoning province are family income satisfaction,working hours per day,leadership approval degree,job satisfaction, social support and others.

Progress in psychology of premenstrual syndrome / 医学研究生学报

There is a high incidence of Premenstrual syndrome in childbearing aged women. Its clinical symptoms including affect seriously many aspects of physical and mental health disorder of women, resulting in interpersonal relationship deteriorious, decreased quality of life, and even suicidal tendency. The biochemical mechanism of the disease is complex, but the social psychological factors such as personality and habits have reached a consensus on the induction of the disease, which will be the next research direction. Further research will reveal the pathogenesis of PMS from another angle. Based on the field of psychology, the article reviews the relationship between social psychological factors such as personality, personality and coping style and the occurrence and development of PMS, and the role of psychological interventions in regulating diseases.

Yellow fever outbreak in Brazil: the puzzle of rapid viral spread and challenges for immunisation

We discuss the complex eco-social factors involved in the puzzle of the unexpected rapid viral spread in the ongoing Brazilian yellow fever (YF) outbreak, which has increased the reurbanisation risk of a disease without urban cases in Brazil since 1942. Indeed, this rapid spatial viral dissemination to the Southeast and South regions, now circulating in the Atlantic Forest fragments close to peri-urban areas of the main Brazilian megalopolises (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) has led to an exponential increase in the number of yellow fever cases. In less than 18 months, 1,833 confirmed cases and 578 deaths were recorded most of them reported in the Southeast region (99,9%). Large epizooties in monkeys and other non-human primates (NHPs) were communicated in the country with 732 YF virus (YFV) laboratory confirmed events only in the 2017/2018 monitoring period. We also discuss the peculiarities and similarities of the current outbreak when compared with previous great epidemics, examining several hypotheses to explain the recent unexpected acceleration of epizootic waves in the sylvatic cycle of the YFV together with the role of human, NHPs and mosquito mobility with respect to viral spread. We conclude that the most feasible hypothesis to explain this rapidity would be related to human behavior combined with ecological changes that promoted a significant increase in mosquito and NHP densities and their contacts with humans. We emphasize the urgent need for an adequate response to this outbreak such as extending immunisation coverage to the whole Brazilian population and developing novel strategies for immunisation of NHPs confined in selected reserve areas and zoos. Finally, we stress the urgent need to improve the quality of response in order to prevent future outbreaks and a catastrophic reurbanisation of the disease in Brazil and other South American countries. Continuous monitoring of YFV receptivity and vulnerability conditions with effective control of the urban vector Aedes aegypti and significant investments in YF vaccine production capacity and research and development for reduction of adverse effects are of the highest priority.

Voces actuales en el fenómeno de pasantes de drogas ilícitas en Colombia / Current voices in the phenomenon of illicit drug couriers in Colombia / Vozes atuais no fenômeno dos passantes de drogas ilícitas na Colômbia

Resumen Este documento se deriva del análisis realizado a las narrativas de los pasantes de drogas ilícitas denominados popularmente como "mulas"; de manera especial, resalta su mirada localizada sobre el fenómeno del tráfico ilegal de drogas en Colombia. El escrito tiene como objetivo: primero, caracterizar la multiplicidad de conceptos que se utilizan para describir este fenómeno y proponer una definición que abarque diferentes acepciones, y segundo, presentar categorías conceptuales que se desprenden de las narrativas de los pasantes de drogas. Como metodología se utilizó el análisis de contenido, para describir, sistematizar y analizar los testimonios voluntarios de 42 personas imputadas y condenadas como pasantes de drogas ilícitas en Colombia. Esta investigación argumenta que uno de los elementos para entender el fenómeno de los pasantes de drogas ilícitas y su experiencia es su condición de vulnerabilidad. Por un lado, los pasantes ocupan un lugar periférico en las organizaciones narcotraficantes; por otro, son altamente vulnerables al sistema socio-técnico establecido por el Estado para prevenir el transporte de drogas ilícitas. Este estudio muestra que las narrativas de los pasantes de drogas se pueden categorizar en cuatro dicotomías, que sirven como elementos retóricos para la ruptura del binario legalidad/ilegalidad.

Abstract This document derives from the analysis carried out on the accounts and narratives of illegal drug carriers popularly known as "pasantes", more generally as mules, and in a special way, it stresses the view focused on the phenomenon of illicit drug trafficking in Colombia. The article's objectives are: firstly to characterize the multiplicity of concepts used to describe this phenomenon and offer a definition capable of encompassing different meanings, and secondly to show conceptual categories stemming from the illicit drug accounts. The methodology used content analysis to describe, systematize and analyze the voluntary testimonies of 42 individuals accused and convicted in Colombia as illegal drug carriers. In this research it is argued that one of the various elements helping understand the mule phenomenon and their experience is their vulnerability conditions. On the one hand, they have a peripheral place in drug trafficker's organizations. On the other hand, their vulnerability to the social-technical system established by the State to prevent illicit-drug transportation is very high. . This study shows that the mule's narratives can be categorized into four dichotomies serving as rhetoric elements for the breaking of the legality/illegality binary.

Resumo Este documento é derivado da análise feita às narrativas dos passantes de drogas ilícitas chamadas popularmente "mulas"; da maneira especial, destaca sua olhada localizada no fenômeno do tráfego ilegal de drogas está na Colômbia. O escrito tem como o objetivo: primeiramente, caracterizar a multiplicidade dos conceitos que são usados descrever este fenômeno e propor uma definição que abrange diferentes acepções, e segundo, apresentar categorias conceituais que se desprendem das narrativas dos passantes das drogas. Enquanto a metodologia foi usada a análise de conteúdo, para descrever, sistematizar e analisar os testemunhos voluntários de 42 pessoas imputadas e condenadas como passantes de drogas ilícitas na Colômbia. Esta investigação argumenta que um dos elementos para compreender o fenômeno dos passantes de drogas ilícitas e de sua experiência é sua condição da vulnerabilidade. De um lado, os passantes ocupam um lugar periférico nas organizações narcotraficantes; por outro, são altamente vulneráveis ao sistema sócio-técnico estabelecido pelo Estado para impedir o transporte com drogas ilícitas. Este estudo amostra que as narrativas dos passantes das drogas podem se categorizar em quatro dicotomias, que funcionam como elementos retóricos para a ruptura do binário legalidade/ilegalidade.

Obesidad infantil: un nuevo enfoque para su estudio / Childhood obesity: a new approach to its study

Resumen La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha catalogado la obesidad infantil como la mayor crisis de la salud pública en el mundo. En su informe de 2014 indica que se registraron cuarenta y dos millones de niños menores de 5 años con sobrepeso; de ellos, treinta y cinco millones viven en países en desarrollo. La obesidad infantil es una enfermedad que tiene como origen una cadena causal compleja, de etiología multifactorial, en la que interactúan factores individuales y contextuales; en ellos el niño se encuentra inmerso, y ejercen influencia sobre su comportamiento, en diversos entornos y en diferentes niveles de jerarquía. Esta revisión presenta una descripción de algunos estudios y esfuerzos realizados para caracterizar, prevenir y controlar la epidemia de obesidad en esta etapa del ciclo vital. Se propone, así mismo, un abordaje para el estudio de la obesidad, denominado 'Enfoque de sistemas complejos', el cual permite analizar cómo los factores individuales y contextuales se relacionan, y cómo esa interacción genera nuevas propiedades que no pueden explicarse a partir de los procedimientos habituales de análisis epidemiológico; para ello será necesario el trabajo en equipo, con enfoque multidisciplinario, que incluya médicos, pediatras, nutricionistas, epidemiólogos, salubristas, estadísticos, ingenieros, entre otros profesionales, que aporten sus conocimientos y habilidades, que permitan entender la obesidad como un fenómeno dinámico que requiere ser abordado con un enfoque integral e integrador, que trascienda la mirada reduccionista de los factores de riesgo del proceso salud - enfermedad. Solo entonces se podrá mejorar la capacidad para comprender la salud desde una perspectiva clásica hasta un sistema verdaderamente dinámico.

Summary The World Health Organization (WHO) has ranked childhood obesity as the greatest public health crisis in the world. In its 2014 report, it indicates that 42 million children under 5 are overweight, of whom 35 million live in developing countries. Childhood obesity is a disease, which has its origin in a complex causal chain of multifactorial etiology, where individual and contextual factors interact where the child is immersed. They exert influence on their behavior in different environments and at different levels of hierarchy. This review presents an overview of some studies and efforts carried out to characterize, prevent, and control the obesity epidemic in this stage of the life cycle. Likewise, it proposes, an approach to the study of obesity, called 'complex systems approach', which allows to analyze how individual and contextualfactors relate and how this interaction generates new properties that cannot be explained by the standard procedures that classical statistics offer. This will require work in interdisciplinary team, with a multidisciplinary approach involving physicians, pediatricians, nutritionists, epidemiologists, public health specialists, statisticians, engineers, and others who contribute their knowledge and skills to enable understanding obesity as a dynamic phenomenon, which needs to be approached by an integrative approach that transcends the reductionist view of the risk factors of the health disease process. Only then will it be possible to improve the capacity to understand health from a classical perspective to a truly dynamic system.